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Handkea excipuliformis
''Handkea excipuliformis'', commonly known as the pestle puffball or long-stemmed puffball, is a species of the Agaricaceae family. A rather large puffball, it may reach dimensions of up to broad by tall. Widespread in northern temperate zones, it is found frequently on pastures and sandy heaths.
==Taxonomy==
This puffball has been variously placed in the genera ''Bovista'', ''Lycoperdon'', ''Calvatia'', and ''Utraria''. In 1989, German mycologist Hanns Kreisel described the genus ''Handkea'' to include species of ''Calvatia'' that had distinct microscopic features: ''Handkea'' species have a unique type of capillitium (coarse thick-walled hyphae in the gleba), with curvy slits instead of the usual pores. Although accepted by some authors, the genus concept has been rejected by others.
Phylogenetic analyses published in 2008 shows that ''Handkea'' may be grouped in a clade along with species from several other genera, including ''Lycoperdon'', ''Vascellum'', ''Morganella'', ''Bovistella'', and ''Calvatia''. Published in the same year, another DNA analysis of the structure of ITS2 rDNA transcript confirmed that ''H. utriformis'' is closely related to ''Lycoperdon echinatum''.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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